Underwater Photography

7 October 2008 Diver's World 177

Indonesia sebagai negara kepulauan terluas di dunia memiliki potensi kekayaan dan keindahan alam bawah lautnya, termasuk diantaranya kehidupan terumbu karang dan keanekaragaman hayatinya. Hanya saja, dokumentasi mengenai eksplorasi bawah laut sebagian besar masih dilakukan oleh bangsa asing. Masih sedikitnya apresiasi dari bangsa sendiri, untuk menjadikan laut sebagai sumber ilmu pengetahuan, dokumentasi dan inspirasi melalui media foto.
Hal ini patut disayangi, mengingat jika National Geographics, di tahun tahun mendatang hanya memfokuskan untuk melakukan eksplorasi di wilayah Afrika, Indonesia dan Papua Nuigini. Ini menunjukkan justru orang asing sendiri yang pada akhirnya memiliki dokumentasi kekayaan alam bawah laut Indonesia.

Pengambilan gambar underwater baik dalam bentuk video atau film, sungguh sangat menarik dan memiliki tantangan tersendiri yang tentu saja berbeda dengan proses pengambilan gambar di darat pada umumnya. Dikatakan menarik karena alam bawah laut memiliki kontur landscape yang sangat menakjubkan dan tidak semua orang bisa menikmatinya, belum lagi ditambah dengan kehidupan hayati yang beraneka ragam, termasuk berbagai jenis ikan yang ada.
Kemudian ada tantangan yang tidak mudah,mengingat medan kerjanya yang berbeda dengan di darat, membuat memotret underwater harus memiliki sejumlah persyaratan tertentu.

Paling utama adalah kemampuan untuk bisa menyelam atau scuba dive, karena ruang lingkup kerja di bawah air membuat kita harus bisa mengetahui prinsip prinsip penyelaman, tidak saja secara basic tetapi juga harus diatas rata rata. Karena sebuah seni dari photography underwater adalah bagaimana memadukan kemampuan menyelam dengan kemampuan teknis mengambil gambar dengan kamera.

Sebagai contoh , seorang penyelam berpengalaman akan mampu mengatur persediaan udara di tabungnya selama mungkin dengan pola pernafasan tertentu, bagaimana bermanuver di bawah air sambil membawa kamera seandainya timbul arus deras, sampai bagaimana bisa mendekati obyek hewan tanpa membuat mereka lari menghindar. Juga mengatur framing sebuah object, sambil mengatur posisi badan agar bisa bertahan stabil, tidak naik turun yang tentu saja akan membuat gambar menjadi shaking atau tidak stabil.

Karena ruang lingkupnya di bawah air, kamera film harus dibungkus dengan underwater housing yang memiliki spesifikasi dan jenis housing yang berbeda dari setiap jenis kamera. Setiap housing pun telah didisain berbeda beda untuk bisa menahan tekanan dalam air. Pada umumnya underwater housing yang beredar di pasaran, hanya didisain untuk recreational dive dikedalaman sampai maksimal 40 – 50 meter. Sementara untuk pengambilan gambar di laut yang lebih dalam, membutuhkan jenis housing tertentu yang mampu menahan tekanan air yang sangat kuat.

Bahkan kalau kita sering melihat film film ilmu pengetahuan mengenai palung palung terdalam di dasar laut, pengoperasian kamera sudah dilakukan oleh robot atau alat tertentu, mengingat kemampuan tubuh manusia yang tidak memungkinkan untuk mengoperasikan kamera di area kedalaman tersebut.

Berbeda dengan memotret di darat yang bisa melibatkan banyak orang, dalam laut praktis hanya bergantung pada seorang saja. Disamping mengoperasikan kamera, ia harus tahu kapan menggunakan available light ( sinar matahari ) dan kapan menggunakan flash / strobe yang menempel di housing, atau mengkombinasikan sumber cahaya. Ini perlu diketahui karena prinsip prinsip dasar spectrum cahaya sinar matahari yang masuk ke dalam air, membuat sebagian warna perlahan lahan menghilang semakin dalam kita menyelam.

Warna merah akan menghilang di kedalam 5 meter, lalu kuning di kedalaman 10 meter, sampai akhirnya tinggal warna biru dan hijau saja diatas kedalaman 18 meter. Dengan bantuan flash / strobe bisa mengembalikan warna yang menghilang tadi, sehingga warna warni terumbu karang serta ikan ikan bisa terlihat seperti apa warna aslinya. Kita juga tetap bisa menggunakan beberapa jenis filter lensa seperti Polarizer, Close Up + dan filter lain yang didisain untuk menangkap spectrum warna di dasar laut. Namun umumnya, jika tidak memakai flash, para kameramen underwater selalu melengkapi dengan filter merah yang bisa dipasang dan dilepas didepan kaca housing,guna mengembalikan warna merah yang menghilang.

Karena tidak seperti shooting di darat yang bisa dilakukan seharian penuh tanpa beristirahat. Shooting di dalam air mempunyai batasan batasan waktu yang disesuaikan dengan profile penyelaman kita. Dalam menyelam kita tergantung dengan jumlah pasokan udara di tabung yang kita bawa. Sebagaimana prinsip penyelaman, bahwa semakin dalam kita menyelam, konsumsi kebutuhan oksigen semakin cepat dan boros yang dikarenakan tekanan air laut yang semakin besar pula. Sehingga dengan rata rata waktu penyelaman sekitar 1 jam saja, seorang kameramen penyelam harus sudah kembali kepermukaan, dan mempunyai surface interval yang cukup sebelum bisa kembali menyelam.

Mengapa membutuhkan masa istirahat atau interval yang cukup ? karena udara yang kita hirup dari tabung, tidak berisi oksigen murni melainkan kombinasi campuran dengan nitrogen ( umumnya kadar oksigen hanya 21 % dan sisanya 79 % terdiri dari nitrogen ). Semakin lama dan semakin dalam kita menyelam , semakin banyak pula kadar nitrogen yang terserap ke dalam tubuh kita, sehingga kita membutuhkan beberapa waktu baik di safety stop setidaknya 5 meter dibawah air sebelum kembali kepermukaan, atau ketika sudah berada di permukaan. Ini untuk memberikan nitrogen yang terserap ke dalam tubuh perlahan mengalir keluar dari tubuh kita. Logikanya semakin lama kita menyelam , berarti akumalasi nitrogen yang terserap di tubuh kita semakin banyak, dan hal ini bisa berakibat fatal jika tidak terbuang keluar, seperti kelumpuhan bahkan kematian.

Dalam mengambil gambar di bawah laut, sangat tergantung dengan kondisi laut itu sendiri seperti sinar matahari, visibility atau jarak pandang, arus, serta waktu yang tepat. Kita harus tahu musim atau prediksi cuaca pada saat penyelaman dilakukan. Visibility di dasar laut,bisa suatu saat hanya berkisar 3 meter tetapi disuatu waktu dalam kondisi yang lain, bisa mencapai jarak katakanlah 40 meter. Tentu saja semakin bagus visibility akan membuat gambar yang dihasilkan semakin indah.

Menurut pengalaman saya, mengambil gambar di bawah laut yang tepat, dengan kamera menghadap atas ke permukaan air dan waktu pagi hari. Karena jika semakin siang dan sore, pasokan intensitas cahaya matahari sudah mulai berkurang , dan kondisi air laut juga sudah menjadi low tide atau surut, yang membuat banyak partikel partikel terangkat sehingga bisa air cenderung keruh dan membuat visibility berkurang.

Hampir seluruh wilayah Indonesia sudah saya jelajahi, dan kadang kala hati saya menjadi miris melihat hanya orang orang asing yang hilir mudik mengambil keindahan alam bawah laut kita. Dalam majalah majalah atau setiap perlombaan atau pameran photo bawah laut di luar negeri, umumnya foto foto yang dihasilkan banyak mengambil alam bawah laut Indonesia. Mereka selalu bertanya mengapa sangat sedikit photographer Indonesia yang menekuni bidang ini. Sampai sekarangpun saya tidak bisa menjawab pertanyaan itu.

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